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w ЙCQr(nng)ҷָЙC|(zh)ṩr(nng)NoCB(yng)ֺЙCB(yng)֣ʸһϣд֞r(nng)Ҿ͵ȡģзeЙCρԴVN࣬ҪSݼSѷaʡʡľ̿նGsʵ
ЙCQr(nng)ҷʣָЙC|(zh)ṩr(nng)NoCB(yng)ֺЙCB(yng)֣ʸһϣд֞r(nng)Ҿ͵ȡģзeЙCρԴVN࣬ҪSݼSѷaľ̿նGsʵ
ĿǰЙCʷecĚvʷzEݵ6000 ǰK҇؝h֮ǰҲЙCB(yng)صČ`vP(gun)r(nng)ԔӛЙCʵķNecʩ÷҇ЙC10 100 N1990 r(nng)I(y)_չȫЙC{(dio)о֞10433ƷN
҇ԹŴֱ20o70 r(nng)I(y)a(chn)õķҪЙCˮСλea(chn)ķ(wn)о20 o黯ʵƏV(yng)ЙCʵĵλ½҇1949ЙCʩռʩÿı99.9%1957 91.0%1965 80.7%1975 66.4%1980꽵47.1%198543.7%199036.7%200031.4%200325%
ڻʵĴʹr(nng)I(y)a(chn)l(f)˾׃ڎ(jng)Ч͝M˿ڼLͬr, ؓӰҲ@¶, ½h(hun)|(zh)ʳƷ|(zh)ȫ¹ʕrаl(f)˂ЙCuҕ
ЙCʵIJʹҲ|(zh)h(hun)|(zh)ԼʳƷȫؓӰ푣粻ҕ丱^|(zh)ָSa(chn)֭h(hun)|(zh)Mֲ。ЙCʵʹÌɂ揊Ӱ|(zh)
ڬF(xin)r(nng)I(y)a(chn)ЙCϵʩòHֱP(gun)ϵ|(zh)r(nng)Įa(chn)Ʒ|(zh)ˮwʹh(hun)|(zh)߀ǷNֲI(y)cB(yng)ֳI(y)֮gҪ~Mr(nng)B(ti)ϵy(tng)Ȧе|(zh)ѭh(hun)cD(zhun)ҲҪЙCʷNs|(zh)˳ְl(f)]ЙCʵöMpؓӰ푣҂회NЙCʵеD(zhun)^̼䌦h(hun)|(zh)r(nng)Ӱ^˽ĶӆƌW(xu)ʩҎ(gu)
1 ЙCʌ|(zh)Ӱ
1.1
2000 ЙCʌSo˾20or(nng)l(f)@˻錤Ҍ1909W(xu)KingЇrձr(nng)I(y)M˿1911ˡǧr(nng)Їrձĺr(nng)I(y)һY(ji)ЙCʣGʣھS|(zh)r(nng)a(chn)Ҫ
_չЙCʿƌW(xu)оӢģJohn Bennet Lawes1837 ԇоЙCʌa(chn)ӰS_չgԇ̽оY(ji)ֱӴ1842 ùǷۺa(chn)cؐأJoseph Henry Gilbertһ1843 꽨ӢɣԇվRothamsted Experimental Stationԓվ170 LڶλоЙCcBm(x)ʩÌa(chn)Ӱ1852 _ʼHoosfield LڶλԇY(ji)Bm(x)ÿʩ35 t/hm2Ďʣ1
LڌY(ji)ЙCʩÿЙC|(zh)M@ĵVa(chn)@ܶLԇY(ji)ҲЙCʺͻʌИOõa(chn)Чͳm(x)a(chn)ga(chn)o@ʺ͎ϟoՓǽڻLڶȡ^ߵĮa(chn)ͽ(jng)Ч
҇ƌW(xu)ҌNЙCϼЧ_չ˴о20 o30—40 ֔?sh)˱A_չЙCʵ{(dio)cԇꐶPԪĴ_չЙCʩʼg(sh)оSᱣxÏ(f)O(sh)Ӌ˼Sѷʺ;GML_9ĵʩԇ20o50ԁ҇P(gun)λcƌW(xu)ҌNЙCڲͬc_չ˴о80 ȫԵķLڶλԇW(wng)пԺCERNЇr(nng)ԺȫԇW(wng)
Їr(nng)Ժ1980_ʼȫ135λԇcM5ϵЙCʷЧԇоY(ji)ЙCa(chn)Чӵڅ@ĚЧ҇1005ϵĶλԇоʩЙCcʩЙCʱ^ƽa(chn)ʞ12.8%
(ni)оY(ji)ʩЙCϲHЙC̼Y(ji)(gu)CECˮBԣNPKCaMgS ԪغMӣȺY(ji)(gu)r(nng)a(chn)ƷƷ|(zh)
ЙCʺ͟oCʩЧѣ߀W(xu)ϵZ܉Bm(x)17꣨1974—1990꣩SB(yng)ƽ⣬P(gun)IЙCʺͻʩڻMNPK m
1985—1990 (jng)Z20 N30P(gun)Ʒ|(zh)ָ˵ķоЙCcB(yng)ƽʩþ̶ͬйԇĮa(chn)ƷƷ|(zh)
1.2 ﲡ
ЙCʩÿﲡ20o70 _ʼоЙCcֲﲡP(gun)ϵS_l(f)NЙC20o90 _ʼ҇һЩІλI(y)^ƺa(chn)һy(tng)Q“ЙC”Įa(chn)ƷͶЈ2008ȫƷЙCI(y)3021ңЙCI(y)270ռ(sh)8.94%ЙCʮa(chn)345fռЙCI(y)a(chn)83.6%
пԵЙCʵÙCܰW(xu)һЙCʿɸY(ji)(gu)ƽṩB(yng)ԼһЩ|(zh)ֲLѶͬrЙCʺ׃H^(q)ϵMƲԭıl(f)ЙCʡ͏(f)s׃ЙCʵÙCδȫa(chn)еđ(yng)ЧҲ(wn)yЧءʩЙCʶ_A(y)ڵķЧ
1.3 |(zh)˻
y(tng)^JЙCʌ|(zh)ЙCʿɜp?f)Y(ji)ֹ}nЙCʵIJʩҲ|(zh)˻ꐔr(nng)·S֮ƪһӛd҇Ŵr(nng)“üSqˎ”ʩЙC횺ʩá
Ҏ(gu)B(yng)ֳݼSuS^ߵ}ֺNaxӣ^ʩãt}nL(fng)UʹY(ji)(j)Moral˵оY(ji)ݼSʩ_7—10t/hm2ar(nng)Na+Cl-ؓɿ_415kg/hm2|ϲɺ^(q)a(chn)@Ĵ}nL(fng)Ux˵оĿǰЙCʩàrݼSr(nng)̶]@}nL(fng)UڜҴԣڸʩ´}nL(fng)U^ɇӰr(nng)L
Ŀǰ߲˵Ƚ(jng)ЙCʩձ^ߣɽ|۹ȵش߲˵ЙCʩ_240t/hm2rSЙCʎ}nL(fng)Uݺҕ
2 ЙCʌh(hun)ͽ|(zh)Ӱ
20o90ԁϵЭh(hun)}@(ni)оP(gun)עcuD(zhun)ƵʩЙCʌҚwŷŵӰ푣ЙCееķewL(fng)U䌦ˮwIB(yng)ؕIЙCؽ١Dؼh(hun)ԭԾԻȌˮwr(nng)a(chn)Ʒ|(zh)ȫwӰ
F(xin)ڵЙCcy(tng)xЙCڽMeҎ(gu)B(yng)ֳݼSPKCuZnAs ԪغͿؚ@r(nng)ͥСҎ(gu)ģB(yng)ֳݼSͬ90 Ҏ(gu)B(yng)ֳݼSвHNP@кؽٺҲ,ЙCMr(nng)h(hun)|(zh)ͽ|(zh)a(chn)@Ӱr(nng)õĭh(hun)cL(fng)Uݺҕ
2.1 ؽ
20o90ڣ˂_ʼP(gun)עݼSкؽٵĆ}SгCuZnCdPbCrAsݼSr(nng)ch(hun)ؽٵҪԴ֮һ2002 ꌦKʡҎ(gu)ģB(yng)ֳݼSؽ_չ{(dio)Y(ji)cCuZnҪȾcеؽٺֲ^P(gun),Sᘌͬ^(q)ͳ߶ȵ{(dio)о^չ_҇Ҏ(gu)B(yng)ֳݼSؽȾr˳JR
оӢmcʿ^(q)r(nng)I(y)ZnCuҪԴ֮һݼSr(nng)ãsռr(nng)I(y)ZnCu ݔ37%—40%8%—17%ӋЇݼSr(nng)ݔr(nng)CuCdZnքeռݔ69%55%51%
ݼSĴLʩؽٵķeM{r(nng)a(chn)Ʒ|(zh)ȫLʩiS@˲k^l(wi)˜ʡ
2.2 c
1999—2000 |(zh)֣̽USGSȫ39 139 lMе{(dio)Y(ji)@ʾˮh(hun)ЏVˎƷ͂oƷȾPPCPs48%ĘƷЙzأڙz95NЙCа22Nأд֞Fû˫Fÿh(hun)(ni)ĭh(hun)ǰصȡԴˣڭh(hun)еĚ仯W(xu)Оҕ
Ŀǰϴs50%Ŀؑ(yng)B(yng)ֳI(y)40%—90%ˎͨ^SйͬݷNͬ^(q)ĹˮƽݼSƷпəzyĿؚ׃^(ni)P(gun)оλҲݼSеĿؚM˳{(dio),ݼSƷпؚĭh(hun)غܿ܌B(ti)h(hun)еȺһӰ푡
оijЩؿʩüSʵLڳijЩLӰˌ㱱^(q)ݼSr(nng)ĭh(hun)ؚyʩݼSr(nng)ùءĭh(hun)غͽùصƽքeδʩݼSr(nng)3813 12SеĿMԾİl(f)չһӰ
ݼS߀ஔ(sh)ȻƼ17α-ƶ17β-ƶƼͪƼRӼxgw@Щ|(zh)ڼSѷ^в⣬SSr(nng)Mr(nng)cˮw
S߀һЩQh(hun)أ(ni)ڸɔ_|(zh)ij־ЙCȾЙCr(nng)ˎh(hun)Nˮwh(hun)ҲһЩh(hun)L(fng)U
2.3 ԭ
ȫs250N҇120NݼSеIJԭҪԭxͨ^SɂȾ˵IJԭﳬ^150 NҪcUɳTϾcһЩݼSδ(jng)̎oȫIJԭзeۿ܌ˮh(hun){
@Щԭw^LrgɳTϾJеĴrg^LL_300ϡxm˗l¿ɴ140—60cm̎xѿɴ2 LĕrgԭwеrgḶch(hun)|(zh)pHֵ}ЙC|(zh)߀ԭλʽ؝⾀ȼP(gun)
ԭSSM߀Mһֲw(ni)Ⱦʳ{ʳƷ|(zh)ȫcUO157: H7Խ(jng)ˮMֲw(ni)
2.4 ԾԻ
SصďVʹصˎ}uu¶2010ӢӡȰl(f)F(xin)NDM-1ʹˎԆ}ٴγɞȫP(gun)עğcڿB(yng)ֳI(y)ЏVͲҎ(gu)ʹݼSпؿԼԻѽ(jng)ɞP(gun)עdȾ
оY(ji)ɳTϾٵĶˎя20o90 20%—30%ӵ21o70%SrgƣˎԌˎVҲ
־ˌ1962—1998 gx325uɳTϾMеоY(ji)Srgƣꌦ16NصˎԳʬF(xin)̶ͬȵڅˎԵڅݸ@60]жˎԣ70͡;Ӷ࣬80t͡͡;ռ^(sh)90Ͼıʽӽ90%
܊50ԴԴcUĜyY(ji)Ҳꌦ15 NԇصˎSrgƳʬF(xin)̶ͬȵڅ20o50ĴcUxꌦ15NؾУ60ķxꌦùĭh(hun)خa(chn)ˎ70ķxꌦSùءǰĭh(hun)ءùS6Nخa(chn)ˎ80—90ķxꌦĪ/WTcùù^S֡ùǰĭh(hun)ءùS11Nخa(chn)ˎ
Yangо89iԴcU19NصĿˎԣY(ji);100%ʮһ;ռ86%߀2%ľꌦ19Nԇȫˎ
Соˁt(y)ԺͲͬB(yng)ֳ712cUxꌦ15NصY(ji)ut(y)ԺcUƽˎl^ߣքe_81.27%59.59%(sh)F(xin)錦1213NصĿeꌦ15 ؾF(xin)鿹i֮ƽˎlʞ52.71%514Nؾп^9—10ţͣƽˎlʞ18.72%־꼯12
⣬ĿˎԳ̶ȺͿˎVcB(yng)TP(gun)@ˎԾͨ^h(hun)ʳڲ֮ͬgSengeløv ˜yˏʩiSr(nng)зxļĭh(hun)ءh(hun)(ni)֬ùصĿY(ji)l(f)F(xin)ĭh(hun)ؿˮƽڶڃ(ni)iSʩöҿSiSʩӶӡ
Schimitt˵оiSĭh(hun)ؼǰԻĶԾ@ӰʩʺпԻ(sh)@һЩԻԭ]еiSеģC@ֿԻʩiSB(yng)i߅ķY(ji)@ʾԻtetWtetTtetMtetOiеă(yu)ݿԻtetWĺ_2.16×108ؐ/gȺ͵tetB/P߳sɂ(sh)
ٵоʩüSʵ63 NԻS@ڛ]ʩüSʵͬrԻSch(hun)пغ~ؽٝ@P(gun)~ؽٺͿصď(f)Ⱦӭh(hun)пԻS
Ji ҲõƵĽY(ji)Փ@ЩԻпɰl(f)ˮƽUɢĶԻxDNAD(zhun)Ƶļw(ni)ʹԓ@ÿԡNeilsen оB(yng)ֲHĻD(zhun)߀T(do)D(zhun)r(nng)h(hun)ܸڼˎԵĔUɢ
2.5 NPecʧ
ӢɣԇվLڶλԇıO(jin)yY(ji)ЙCʵʩÕ(do)B(ti)N ķeۣˮwʧL(fng)USо^ЙCʵʩÕֱӌ(do)NO3-NPеķeSʩӶeۼӄˮwʧ
fhtоY(ji)ʩЙCϴҺDOPռDTP ıMPʧTPDTPDOP۷eʧSЙCʵ߶^һֵ(do)r(nng)ĭh(hun)L(fng)U
2.6 Қwŷ
ЙCʏӰr(nng)̼D(zhun)ЙCͲͬ|(zh)ЙCʵʩ÷ʽʩҲ֮ͬоĭh(hun)lһЙCʩÌҚwŷŵӰоY(ji)^оʩЙCδ(jng)ЙCUrGδ(jng)ĎʣɏҴMr(nng)CH4N2OȜҚwŷšLʩÎʵҲN2OҪŷԴ̼ԴͬrMеķ^̡
Speir оЙC̼N2OӵĿԭ˷ʡһЩоY(ji)ЙCʩN2Oŷ,ЩоY(ji)@ʾcʩЙCʩÿɜpN2Oŷ
uĵоY(ji)N2OŷcʩõЙCC/N@P(gun)Ȕ?sh)о?iSӚʩ÷քeߵCH4 ŷ22.14%4.40%piSֻW(xu)^ȫʩûW(xu)pCH4N2OŷšЙCʷN͔(sh)IJͬӰʩúCO2CH4ƽͨʩЙCCO2ŷšcʩʱ^ЙCʆʩԼЙCcʩCO2CH4ŷţʩնcʩiSµB(ti)ϵy(tng)CH4CO2ŷś]@
3 չch
ЙCʵĺʩÌ|(zh)a(chn)r(nng)a(chn)ƷƷ|(zh)r(nng)I(y)r(nng)ˎLđ(zhn)ĿҪM҇˿ڸ߷匦ʳήa(chn)DzxЙCʵÌͻһЩl(f)_ЙCʵcʵʩñS1:1ңڱͬrʹa(chn)(wn)΄£҇ЙCʵѸЙCʵʩҲµĸ߳F(xin)ڵЙCʺؽءءԭԾȾr(nng)õĭh(hun)L(fng)UҪ߶ҕ(ni)оcЙCʵоcڻA(ch)оog(sh)cȫʩõȷ
3.1 A(ch)о
mȻЙCʌ|(zh)ؓ÷M˴оڻЙCʷĻA(ch)оӱ
1MMһ݆ȫԵЙCYԴղ飬|(zh)O(jin)yW(wng)һȫ{(dio)20o9020ЙCʵYԴrMְl(f)˾׃(yng){(dio)ЙCʵYԴcЙCʵ|(zh)M׃ǸNȾĺrЙCʵYԴṩҵה(sh)(j)ڴ˻A(ch)ȫҪЙC|(zh)O(jin)yW(wng)
2_չЙCʷЧh(hun)Ч(yng)Lڶλ(lin)W(wng)оĿǰпԺЇr(nng)Ժϵy(tng)ѽLڶλԇW(wng)ᘌ҇ҪcM˰ЙCڃ(ni)IJͬʩ̎Lڶλԇоڴ˻A(ch)ϣ(yng)aO(sh)ӋµԇMһ_չᘌ^(q)ҪЙCʌ|(zh)Ӱ푵LڶλԇHоЙCʷЧҪоҪȾеLڷeЧ(yng)h(hun)|(zh)r(nng)a(chn)Ʒ|(zh)ȫӰ
3_չЙCҪ|(zh)еD(zhun)^̼B(ti)h(hun)Ч(yng)оЙCCND(zhun)^ch(hun)Ч(yng)ҪcоЙCʌB(ti)ϵy(tng)ʳW(wng)Ӱ푼ʵęCоЙCʩпԾԻķֲcUɢҎ(gu)о(f)ȾЙCȾؽ١ԭĭh(hun)Оcwڅ
3.2 oȫʩüg(sh)
ĿǰЙCʵäĿʩH|(zh)˻Ҍˮwh(hun)r(nng)a(chn)Ʒ|(zh)ȫa(chn){ˣ(yng)MһӏЙCʟocȫʩҎ(gu)о
1ӏЙCʟog(sh)оF(xin)ڵЙCʺД(sh)жк|(zh)ĿǰЙCr(nng)ҷe졢ƷЙCʵĹSa(chn)ˇȻ̎ΡˮƽyԌF(xin)ȫğoʹƷЙCʣԿܺһIJԭؽ١ԾȾLڻ^ʩ댢һĭh(hun)L(fng)U(yng)ᘌͬЙCʼȾо(yng)жк|(zh)pg(sh)
2ӏЙCʘ˜ʻ|(zh)wϵоĿǰ҇ЙCʃHr(nng)I(y)IJC|(zh)˜ȫHμ˜ʡƷЙCԭϵāԴVB(yng)ֺ|(zh)Ⱦ|(zh)ǧfeͨ^ѷʶa(chn)ЙC|(zh)yǘ(wn)|(zh)M@oƷЙCʵa(chn)ʹԼЈĽl(f)չTSF(xin)˜ʻڅݵİl(f)չìܸͻWȰl(f)_Ҿ˲ͬe;ЙCʵ|(zh)˜WˌƷЙCʷ֞2ЙCʷּ|(zh)˜wϵĻA(ch)W߀ӆ˳a(chn)b|(zh)JCRȹwϵ|(zh)wϵMһӏ҇ЙCʘ˜ʻ|(zh)wϵоü
3ӏЙCʰȫʩüg(sh)оһЩl(f)_ᘌͬͬͬB(ti)ƅ^(q)оӆ(yng)ЙCʩüg(sh)Ҏ(gu)ЙCʵʩʩÕrʩ÷ʽ_ЙCʵİȫʩá҇ЙCʵʩö{(jng)äĿʩñ^ձ(yng)Mһϵy(tng)_չͬЙCڲͬͬϵİȫʩоMγP(gun)ļg(sh)Ҏ(gu)ָ(do)r(nng)ĺ÷
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